What Works May Hurt
Side Effects in Education
Yong Zhao
Yong Zhao’s What Works May Hurt: Side Effects in Education offers a compelling critique of the prevailing emphasis on evidence-based educational reforms. Drawing parallels with medical research, Zhao argues that, just as pharmaceuticals are scrutinised for both efficacy and side effects, educational interventions should be evaluated not only for their intended benefits but also for their unintended consequences.
Zhao examines prominent reforms such as the No Child Left Behind Act, the Reading First initiative, and John Hattie’s Visible Learning, highlighting how these well-intentioned policies often overlook potential adverse effects. For instance, while certain programs may boost standardised test scores, they might simultaneously diminish students' intrinsic motivation or creativity.
A central thesis of the book is the need to consider the broader implications of educational practices. Zhao cautions against an over-reliance on short-term metrics, such as test scores, which can mask deeper issues like student wellbeing and long-term engagement. He advocates for a more holistic approach that values diverse outcomes, including social-emotional development and critical thinking skills.
For educational leaders, teachers, and policymakers, Zhao’s work serves as a timely reminder to critically assess the full spectrum of effects that reforms may entail. By acknowledging and studying potential side effects, stakeholders can make more informed decisions that truly benefit learners. This book is a valuable starting point for those committed to fostering educational environments that prioritise both effectiveness and the holistic development of students.
